New FAA Research Highlights Potential Risks of Drones to Commercial Aircraft Safety

By Garth Calitz

Drones are everywhere today, from hobbyists capturing stunning aerial shots to use in crop spraying and deliveries of packages; their uses seem endless. However, as their popularity soars, so do concerns about their safety, especially concerning commercial aircraft. Researchers at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University conducted a comprehensive nationwide analysis of drone activity, which demonstrates a significant increase in drone usage. The study also identifies "hot spots" where the likelihood of mid-air collisions with manned aircraft may be elevated.

The global drone market is projected to exceed $43 billion by 2024, with recreational and commercial uses significantly contributing to this growth. As the number of drone enthusiasts increases, so does the potential for accidents in our increasingly busy skies. The study, which was conducted for the FAA, characterised patterns of when and where small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are flying in order to assess and possibly mitigate any potential hazards associated with those patterns as drone use increases, researchers said. Small UAS refer to drones weighing less than 25 kilograms.

The Federal Aviation Administration reported nearly 2,000 drone sightings near airports in the past year alone. As air traffic increases, projected to rise by approximately 4-5% annually, these drone encounters are likely to become more frequent, raising serious concerns about their implications for flight safety.

Recent studies emphasise a troubling trend: 62% of drone incidents occur during critical flight phases such as takeoff and landing. These moments are crucial for pilot focus, making them especially vulnerable to potential distractions and hazards. Additionally, the FAA indicates an increase in near-miss incidents, with reports showing that commercial aircraft came alarmingly close, sometimes within just a few meters, to colliding with drones, particularly in urban areas. Such statistics underscore the immediate need for action.

The risks associated with drones can be broken down into three main categories:

Collision Risks

Drones can reach altitudes similar to those used by commercial planes. A collision, even with a small drone, can seriously damage an aircraft. For example, a drone striking an aircraft's windshield could cause immediate loss of visibility, heightening the odds of an accident. According to the study, out of 6,037 documented flights with available altitude data, a minimum of 573 flights reached altitudes between 400 and 500 feet, while at least 781 flights ascended to 500 feet or higher. The data further indicated that flights exceeding 500 feet were likely recreational, rather than commercial, based on the types of drones utilised.

Distraction to Pilots

Drones can divert a pilot's attention from critical cockpit duties. In crucial phases of flight like landing and takeoff, spotting a drone can lead to errors. A study showed that one in five pilots has experienced distraction from a drone while flying, emphasising the harmful impact they can have on safety.

Regulatory Challenges

The current regulatory environment is struggling to keep pace with drone use. Many drone operators lack a solid understanding of local laws, especially those related to flying near airports. This knowledge gap can lead to unintentional violations, complicating the already complex safety landscape.

The implications of these findings are significant. As drone usage continues to grow, the aviation sector must implement strategic measures.

Enhanced Regulations

It is essential to establish clearly defined regulations regarding the permissible locations and times for drone flights, especially in proximity to airports. Implementing no-fly zones around major airports, for example, could greatly decrease the occurrence of incidents. Additionally, educating drone operators is vital. Informational campaigns that educate users about airspace regulations can contribute to fostering a culture of safety.

Technological Solutions

The aviation industry should invest in advanced technology for detecting and tracking drones. Systems with real-time monitoring capabilities could alert pilots to the presence of nearby drones, enabling them to implement precautionary measures. Integrating geofencing technology into drones can effectively prevent them from entering restricted areas. Unfortunately, inexpensive off-the-shelf drones lack this capability. Analysing specific incidents can offer valuable insights into the risks associated with drones.

An alarming number of drone incidents have been reported worldwide. I have listed some of them below.

In December 2018, Gatwick Airport in the UK faced massive disruptions due to reported drone sightings. The airport was closed for over 30 hours, impacting approximately 140,000 passengers and costing airlines millions. Although no collisions occurred, this event illustrated how drones can disrupt air travel.

On 21 September 2017, a civilian DJI Phantom 4 collided with a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter in the evening over the eastern shore of Staten Island, New York City. The helicopter was one of two with the 82nd Airborne Division flying out of Fort Bragg on duty for the United Nations General Assembly. The helicopters were able to continue flying and landed at Linden Airport. Nobody was hurt, but part of the UAV was found at the bottom of the main rotor system.

On October 12, 2017, a Beechcraft King Air A100 operated by Skyjet Aviation was involved in a collision with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) while approaching Jean Lesage Airport near Quebec City, Canada. Despite sustaining damage to its wing, the aircraft successfully landed. The flight originated from Rouyn-Noranda Airport and was carrying six passengers along with two crew members. According to a spokesperson for the Quebec City Police, neither the UAV nor its operator has been identified. The UAV was operating at an altitude of 1,500 feet, which is five times the maximum altitude allowed for UAVs in Canada.

On August 10, 2018, the first documented mid-air collision between an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a hot air balloon occurred near the Teton County Fairgrounds in Driggs, Idaho, United States. The balloon, piloted by a certified professional and carrying two passengers, was impacted by a DJI Mavic Pro. The drone was destroyed when its rotors were severed upon contact with the balloon's envelope and load lines, subsequently falling to the ground. The balloon sustained no significant damage and landed safely, with no injuries reported to the pilot or passengers.

On August 10, 2021, a Cessna 172 belonging to Canadian Flyers International Inc., registered as C-GKWL, collided with a DJI Matrice 210 drone operated by the York Regional Police during its approach to Buttonville Municipal Airport. The Cessna successfully landed without incident, despite sustaining significant damage, including a bent airbox, a damaged engine cowling, and a propeller strike.

Numerous near-miss reports highlight that commercial aircraft have experienced dangerously close encounters with drones. For instance, there was an incident where a passenger plane almost collided with a drone at a mere 30 meters during its landing approach in a densely populated urban area.

Education and awareness are crucial in mitigating risks associated with drones. It is essential for both drone operators and the general public to comprehend the hazards of operating drones near airports. Implementing training programs is crucial. This training must include airspace regulations, safe flying altitudes, and the importance of keeping visual contact with the drone. Ensuring that operators thoroughly understand their responsibilities can result in safer practices.

Awareness campaigns play a crucial role in educating the wider community about the risks associated with drone usage. By informing the public of the potential consequences of irresponsible drone operation, communities can promote a safer environment for all parties involved. Effectively addressing the risks posed by drones necessitates collaboration among various stakeholders, including regulators, airlines, and drone manufacturers.

Collaboration fosters the development of innovative solutions. For instance, partnerships can aid in the creation of technologies that enhance safety and in the formulation of guidelines that encourage compliance. While the growing presence of drones offers undeniable advantages, it also poses significant risks to the safety of commercial aircraft. Research highlights the urgent need for strengthened regulations, advanced technology, and thorough education.

By promoting collaboration among stakeholders and increasing awareness among drone operators and the public, we can create a safer airspace for all users. The aviation industry must take a proactive approach in addressing these challenges to ensure the safety of passengers and crew in our rapidly evolving technological environment.